Small cell vs non small cell lung cancer prognosis

1. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, et al. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:9-29. 10.3322/caac.21208 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

4. Sher T, Dy GK, Adjei AA. Small cell lung cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83:355-67. 10.4065/83.3.355 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

5. Kenfield SA, Wei EK, Stampfer MJ, et al. Comparison of aspects of smoking among the four histological types of lung cancer. Tob Control 2008;17:198-204. 10.1136/tc.2007.022582 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

6. Noguchi M, Morikawa A, Kawasaki M, et al. Small adenocarcinoma of the lung. Histologic characteristics and prognosis. Cancer 1995;75:2844-52. 10.1002/1097-0142(19950615)75:12<2844::AID-CNCR2820751209>3.0.CO;2-# [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

7. Couraud S, Zalcman G, Milleron B, et al. Lung cancer in never smokers--a review. Eur J Cancer 2012;48:1299-311. 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.03.007 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

8. Travis WD, Travis LB, Devesa SS. Lung cancer. Cancer 1995;75:191-202. 10.1002/1097-0142(19950101)75:1+<191::AID-CNCR2820751307>3.0.CO;2-Y [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

9. Stellman SD, Muscat JE, Hoffmann D, et al. Impact of filter cigarette smoking on lung cancer histology. Prev Med 1997;26:451-6. 10.1006/pmed.1997.0212 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

10. Brambilla E, Pugatch B, Geisinger K, et al. Large cell carcinoma. In: Travis W, Brambilla E, Müller-Hermelink H, et al. editors. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart. WHO Press, Geneva, 2004:45-50. [Google Scholar]

11. Muscat JE, Stellman SD, Zhang ZF, et al. Cigarette smoking and large cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997;6:477-80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Hecht SS. Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1194-210. 10.1093/jnci/91.14.1194 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

13. Whitrow MJ, Smith BJ, Pilotto LS, et al. Environmental exposure to carcinogens causing lung cancer: epidemiological evidence from the medical literature. Respirology 2003;8:513-21. 10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00497.x [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

16. Krewski D, Lubin JH, Zielinski JM, et al. Residential radon and risk of lung cancer: a combined analysis of 7 North American case-control studies. Epidemiology 2005;16:137-45. 10.1097/01.ede.0000152522.80261.e3 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

17. Krewski D, Lubin JH, Zielinski JM, et al. A combined analysis of North American case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2006;69:533-97. 10.1080/15287390500260945 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

18. Darby S, Hill D, Auvinen A, et al. Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. BMJ 2005;330:223. 10.1136/bmj.38308.477650.63 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

19. Hodgson JT, Darnton A. The quantitative risks of mesothelioma and lung cancer in relation to asbestos exposure. Ann Occup Hyg 2000;44:565-601. 10.1093/annhyg/44.8.565 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

20. Berman DW, Crump KS. A meta-analysis of asbestos-related cancer risk that addresses fiber size and mineral type. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008;38 Suppl 1:49-73. 10.1080/10408440802273156 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

21. Stayner L, Kuempel E, Gilbert S, et al. An epidemiological study of the role of chrysotile asbestos fibre dimensions in determining respiratory disease risk in exposed workers. Occup Environ Med 2008;65:613-9. 10.1136/oem.2007.035584 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

22. van Loon AJ, Kant IJ, Swaen GM, et al. Occupational exposure to carcinogens and risk of lung cancer: results from The Netherlands cohort study. Occup Environ Med 1997;54:817-24. 10.1136/oem.54.11.817 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

23. Spyratos D, Zarogoulidis P, Porpodis K, et al. Occupational exposure and lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2013;5 Suppl 4:S440-5. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Vineis P, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Air pollution and cancer: biomarker studies in human populations. Carcinogenesis 2005;26:1846-55. 10.1093/carcin/bgi216 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

25. Pope CA, 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 2002;287:1132-41. 10.1001/jama.287.9.1132 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

26. Sellers T, Yang P. Familial and genetic influences on risk of lung cancer. In: King R, Rotter J, Motulsky A. editors. The Genetic Basis of Common Diseases. New York: NY, Oxford University, 2002:700-12. [Google Scholar]

27. Hwang SJ, Cheng LS, Lozano G, et al. Lung cancer risk in germline p53 mutation carriers: association between an inherited cancer predisposition, cigarette smoking, and cancer risk. Hum Genet 2003;113:238-43. 10.1007/s00439-003-0968-7 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

28. Thorgeirsson TE, Geller F, Sulem P, et al. A variant associated with nicotine dependence, lung cancer and peripheral arterial disease. Nature 2008;452:638-42. 10.1038/nature06846 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

29. Hung RJ, McKay JD, Gaborieau V, et al. A susceptibility locus for lung cancer maps to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes on 15q25. Nature 2008;452:633-7. 10.1038/nature06885 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

30. Amos CI, Wu X, Broderick P, et al. Genome-wide association scan of tag SNPs identifies a susceptibility locus for lung cancer at 15q25.1. Nat Genet 2008;40:616-22. 10.1038/ng.109 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

31. Howington JA, Blum MG, Chang AC, et al. Treatment of stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013;143:e278S-313S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomised clinical trials. Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. BMJ 1995;311:899-909. 10.1136/bmj.311.7010.899 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

33. Ramalingam S, Belani C. Systemic chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: recent advances and future directions. Oncologist 2008;13 Suppl 1:5-13. 10.1634/theoncologist.13-S1-5 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

34. Masters GA, Temin S, Azzoli CG, et al. Systemic Therapy for Stage IV Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:3488-515. 10.1200/JCO.2015.62.1342 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

35. Kelly K, Crowley J, Bunn PA, Jr, et al. Randomized phase III trial of paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non--small-cell lung cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group trial. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3210-8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Scagliotti GV, De Marinis F, Rinaldi M, et al. Phase III randomized trial comparing three platinum-based doublets in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:4285-91. 10.1200/JCO.2002.02.068 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

37. Schiller JH, Harrington D, Belani CP, et al. Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2002;346:92-8. 10.1056/NEJMoa011954 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

38. Fossella F, Pereira JR, von Pawel J, et al. Randomized, multinational, phase III study of docetaxel plus platinum combinations versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the TAX 326 study group. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:3016-24. 10.1200/JCO.2003.12.046 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

39. Gridelli C, Ardizzoni A, Le Chevalier T, et al. Treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients with ECOG performance status 2: results of an European Experts Panel. Ann Oncol 2004;15:419-26. 10.1093/annonc/mdh087 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

40. Pisters KM, Evans WK, Azzoli CG, et al. Cancer Care Ontario and American Society of Clinical Oncology adjuvant chemotherapy and adjuvant radiation therapy for stages I-IIIA resectable non small-cell lung cancer guideline. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:5506-18. 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.1226 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

41. Scott WJ, Howington J, Feigenberg S, et al. Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer stage I and stage II: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest 2007;132:234S-242S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Amini A, Yeh N, Gaspar LE, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for lung cancer patients previously treated with conventional radiotherapy: a review. Radiat Oncol 2014;9:210. 10.1186/1748-717X-9-210 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

43. Grutters JP, Kessels AG, Pijls-Johannesma M, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of radiotherapy with photons, protons and carbon-ions for non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol 2010;95:32-40. 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.08.003 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

44. Fakiris AJ, McGarry RC, Yiannoutsos CT, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung carcinoma: four-year results of a prospective phase II study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;75:677-82. 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.11.042 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

45. Timmerman R, Paulus R, Galvin J, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for inoperable early stage lung cancer. JAMA 2010;303:1070-6. 10.1001/jama.2010.261 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

46. Lagerwaard FJ, Verstegen NE, Haasbeek CJ, et al. Outcomes of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy in patients with potentially operable stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;83:348-53. 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.2003 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

47. Onishi H, Shirato H, Nagata Y, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for operable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: can SBRT be comparable to surgery? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;81:1352-8. 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1751 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

48. Riely GJ, Marks J, Pao W. KRAS mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009;6:201-5. 10.1513/pats.200809-107LC [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

49. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2129-39. 10.1056/NEJMoa040938 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

50. Paez JG, Jänne PA, Lee JC, et al. EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science 2004;304:1497-500. 10.1126/science.1099314 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

51. Pao W, Miller V, Zakowski M, et al. EGF receptor gene mutations are common in lung cancers from "never smokers" and are associated with sensitivity of tumors to gefitinib and erlotinib. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:13306-11. 10.1073/pnas.0405220101 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

52. Riely GJ, Ladanyi M. KRAS mutations: an old oncogene becomes a new predictive biomarker. J Mol Diagn 2008;10:493-5. 10.2353/jmoldx.2008.080105 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

53. Riely GJ, Kris MG, Rosenbaum D, et al. Frequency and distinctive spectrum of KRAS mutations in never smokers with lung adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:5731-4. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0646 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

54. Brose MS, Volpe P, Feldman M, et al. BRAF and RAS mutations in human lung cancer and melanoma. Cancer Res 2002;62:6997-7000. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Ostrem JM, Peters U, Sos ML, et al. K-Ras(G12C) inhibitors allosterically control GTP affinity and effector interactions. Nature 2013;503:548-51. 10.1038/nature12796 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

56. Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature 2007;448:561-6. 10.1038/nature05945 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

57. Takeuchi K, Choi YL, Soda M, et al. Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR screening for EML4-ALK fusion transcripts. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:6618-24. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1018 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

58. Koivunen JP, Mermel C, Zejnullahu K, et al. EML4-ALK fusion gene and efficacy of an ALK kinase inhibitor in lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:4275-83. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0168 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

59. Koh Y, Kim DW, Kim TM, et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes of patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma: suggestion for an effective screening strategy for these tumors. J Thorac Oncol 2011;6:905-12. 10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182111461 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

60. Inamura K, Takeuchi K, Togashi Y, et al. EML4-ALK fusion is linked to histological characteristics in a subset of lung cancers. J Thorac Oncol 2008;3:13-7. 10.1097/JTO.0b013e31815e8b60 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

61. Inamura K, Takeuchi K, Togashi Y, et al. EML4-ALK lung cancers are characterized by rare other mutations, a TTF-1 cell lineage, an acinar histology, and young onset. Mod Pathol 2009;22:508-15. 10.1038/modpathol.2009.2 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

62. Kwak EL, Bang YJ, Camidge DR, et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1693-703. 10.1056/NEJMoa1006448 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

63. Togashi Y, Soda M, Sakata S, et al. KLC1-ALK: a novel fusion in lung cancer identified using a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue only. PLoS One 2012;7:e31323. 10.1371/journal.pone.0031323 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

64. Solomon BJ, Mok T, Kim DW, et al. First-line crizotinib versus chemotherapy in ALK-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2014;371:2167-77. 10.1056/NEJMoa1408440 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

65. Daum G, Eisenmann-Tappe I, Fries HW, et al. The ins and outs of Raf kinases. Trends Biochem Sci 1994;19:474-80. 10.1016/0968-0004(94)90133-3 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

66. Cardarella S, Ogino A, Nishino M, et al. Clinical, pathologic, and biologic features associated with BRAF mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:4532-40. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0657 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

67. Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C, et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 2002;417:949-54. 10.1038/nature00766 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

68. Naoki K, Chen TH, Richards WG, et al. Missense mutations of the BRAF gene in human lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2002;62:7001-3. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Paik PK, Arcila ME, Fara M, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with lung adenocarcinomas harboring BRAF mutations. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:2046-51. 10.1200/JCO.2010.33.1280 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

70. Pratilas CA, Hanrahan AJ, Halilovic E, et al. Genetic predictors of MEK dependence in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2008;68:9375-83. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2223 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

71. Schreiber RD, Old LJ, Smyth MJ. Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunity's roles in cancer suppression and promotion. Science 2011;331:1565-70. 10.1126/science.1203486 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

72. Banchereau J, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 1998;392:245-52. 10.1038/32588 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

73. Dieu-Nosjean MC, Antoine M, Danel C, et al. Long-term survival for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer with intratumoral lymphoid structures. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4410-7. 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.0284 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

74. Zhuang X, Xia X, Wang C, et al. A high number of CD8+ T cells infiltrated in NSCLC tissues is associated with a favorable prognosis. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2010;18:24-8. 10.1097/PAI.0b013e3181b6a741 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

75. Villegas FR, Coca S, Villarrubia VG, et al. Prognostic significance of tumor infiltrating natural killer cells subset CD57 in patients with squamous cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2002;35:23-8. 10.1016/S0169-5002(01)00292-6 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

76. Hodi FS, O'Day SJ, McDermott DF, et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2010;363:711-23. 10.1056/NEJMoa1003466 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

77. Lynch TJ, Bondarenko I, Luft A, et al. Ipilimumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line treatment in stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:2046-54. 10.1200/JCO.2011.38.4032 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

78. Kazandjian D, Suzman DL, Blumenthal G, et al. FDA Approval Summary: Nivolumab for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with progression on or after platinum-based chemotherapy. Oncologist 2016;21:634-42. 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0507 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

79. Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L, et al. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2015;373:1627-39. 10.1056/NEJMoa1507643 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

81. Rizvi NA, Garon EB, Patnaik A, et al. Safety and clinical activity of MK-3475 as initial therapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ASCO Annual Meeting Pro 2014;32:8007. [Google Scholar]

82. Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:252-64. 10.1038/nrc3239 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

83. Wu YL, Liang J, Zhang W, et al. Immunotherapies: the blockade of inhibitory signals. Int J Biol Sci 2012;8:1420-30. 10.7150/ijbs.5273 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

84. Phan GQ, Yang JC, Sherry RM, et al. Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:8372-7. 10.1073/pnas.1533209100 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

85. Topalian SL, Drake CG, Pardoll DM. Targeting the PD-1/B7-H1(PD-L1) pathway to activate anti-tumor immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2012;24:207-12. 10.1016/j.coi.2011.12.009 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

86. Okazaki T, Honjo T. PD-1 and PD-1 ligands: from discovery to clinical application. Int Immunol 2007;19:813-24. 10.1093/intimm/dxm057 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

87. Woo EY, Chu CS, Goletz TJ, et al. Regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in tumors from patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and late-stage ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2001;61:4766-72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. Woo EY, Yeh H, Chu CS, et al. Cutting edge: Regulatory T cells from lung cancer patients directly inhibit autologous T cell proliferation. J Immunol 2002;168:4272-6. 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4272 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

89. Nemunaitis J, Dillman RO, Schwarzenberger PO, et al. Phase II study of belagenpumatucel-L, a transforming growth factor beta-2 antisense gene-modified allogeneic tumor cell vaccine in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4721-30. 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.5335 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

90. Giaccone G, Bazhenova LA, Nemunaitis J, et al. A phase III study of belagenpumatucel-L, an allogeneic tumour cell vaccine, as maintenance therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 2015;51:2321-9. 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.07.035 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

91. Vansteenkiste J, Zielinski M, Linder A, et al. Final results of a multi-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase II study to assess the efficacy of MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic as adjuvant therapy in stage IB/II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ASCO Annual Meeting Pro 2007;25:7554. [Google Scholar]

92. Tyagi P, Mirakhur B. MAGRIT: the largest-ever phase III lung cancer trial aims to establish a novel tumor-specific approach to therapy. Clin Lung Cancer 2009;10:371-4. 10.3816/CLC.2009.n.052 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

93. Butts C, Murray N, Maksymiuk A, et al. Randomized phase IIB trial of BLP25 liposome vaccine in stage IIIB and IV non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:6674-81. 10.1200/JCO.2005.13.011 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

94. Butts C, Maksymiuk A, Goss G, et al. Updated survival analysis in patients with stage IIIB or IV non-small-cell lung cancer receiving BLP25 liposome vaccine (L-BLP25): phase IIB randomized, multicenter, open-label trial. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011;137:1337-42. 10.1007/s00432-011-1003-3 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

95. Butts C, Socinski MA, Mitchell PL, et al. Tecemotide (L-BLP25) versus placebo after chemoradiotherapy for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (START): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:59-68. 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70510-2 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

96. Neninger Vinageras E, de la Torre A, et al. Osorio Rodríguez M, Phase II randomized controlled trial of an epidermal growth factor vaccine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:1452-8. 10.1200/JCO.2007.11.5980 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

97. Ramlau R, Quoix E, Rolski J, et al. A phase II study of Tg4010 (Mva-Muc1-Il2) in association with chemotherapy in patients with stage III/IV Non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2008;3:735-44. 10.1097/JTO.0b013e31817c6b4f [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

98. Quoix E, Ramlau R, Westeel V, et al. Therapeutic vaccination with TG4010 and first-line chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a controlled phase 2B trial. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:1125-33. 10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70259-5 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

99. de Gruijl TD, van den Eertwegh AJ, Pinedo HM, et al. Whole-cell cancer vaccination: from autologous to allogeneic tumor- and dendritic cell-based vaccines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008;57:1569-77. 10.1007/s00262-008-0536-z [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

100. Iyengar P, Gerber DE. Locally advanced lung cancer: an optimal setting for vaccines and other immunotherapies. Cancer J 2013;19:247-62. 10.1097/PPO.0b013e318292e51a [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

101. Rook AH, Kehrl JH, Wakefield LM, et al. Effects of transforming growth factor beta on the functions of natural killer cells: depressed cytolytic activity and blunting of interferon responsiveness. J Immunol 1986;136:3916-20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Kong F, Jirtle RL, Huang DH, et al. Plasma transforming growth factor-beta1 level before radiotherapy correlates with long term outcome of patients with lung carcinoma. Cancer 1999;86:1712-9. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19991101)86:9<1712::AID-CNCR12>3.0.CO;2-V [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

103. Linsley PS, Brady W, Grosmaire L, et al. Binding of the B cell activation antigen B7 to CD28 costimulates T cell proliferation and interleukin 2 mRNA accumulation. J Exp Med 1991;173:721-30. 10.1084/jem.173.3.721 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

104. Vlad AM, Kettel JC, Alajez NM, et al. MUC1 immunobiology: from discovery to clinical applications. Adv Immunol 2004;82:249-93. 10.1016/S0065-2776(04)82006-6 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

105. Gonzalez G, Crombet T, Torres F, et al. Epidermal growth factor-based cancer vaccine for non-small-cell lung cancer therapy. Ann Oncol 2003;14:461-6. 10.1093/annonc/mdg102 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

106. Trevor KT, Hersh EM, Brailey J, et al. Transduction of human dendritic cells with a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara virus encoding MUC1 and IL-2. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2001;50:397-407. 10.1007/s002620100214 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Which is more serious non

Some types are more aggressive than others, but generally, small cell lung cancer is more aggressive than non-small cell lung cancer. Lung cancer — including both small and non-small cell types — is the third most common form of cancer among adults in the United States.

Which type of lung cancer has the best prognosis?

The stage of lung cancer is the most important prognostic factor. Early stages of non-small lung cancer (stages 0 and 1) have a better prognosis than later stages (stages 2, 3 or 4). With small cell lung cancer, limited stage cancers have a better prognosis than extensive stage cancers.

What is the life expectancy of someone with non

5-year relative survival rates for non-small cell lung cancer.

What is the difference between small and non

Non-small cell lung cancer affects the cells lining the surface of the lung's airways. 4 NSCLCs are usually more slow-growing than SCLCs. The cells of a NSCLC tumor are typically larger in size. There are three main subtypes of NSCLC: adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and large cell carcinomas.