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Notes Added DailyModule 1May 17th, 2021Melissa Castillo-Aid with prompts, when they’re struggling with concepts you providethem with supportAssistance when NEEDED, not overproviding-Make sure to make sure they are engaging independently-Make changes and adjustments to every child, based on them alone- Be fun, make sure to entertain your clientsComponents of a Good Teacher:-Fun, receptive, systematic, adaptable/flexible, objective. Analytic,engaging, professional, tireless worker, creative, reinforcing-Wanting kids to be so happy with sessions-Widely confident, and very observant and detailed with the child’ssession-Big Pic Vs. Little Pic, we aren’t teaching sharing we’re teachingfriendships and meaningful relationships-Child driven- joining a job to improve the lives of children and notteam-Conceptual History- knowing where RBT comes from, researchingrecent articles and in the past. Contributing to the field.Quality Staff:Optimal Progress-Well trained, not simply attending but able to preform theconcept and procedures of RBT-High Degree of Fidelity,Characteristics of Quality Staff-Knows how to implement, not what to say but what to do-A certificate does not mean you’re qualified.History of ABA:Edward L. Thorndike--Law of Effect-Learning Curves-Law of Recency-Trial and Error Learning-All Mammals Learn in a Similar MannerIvan Pavlov--A Russian scientist, was initially interested in digestion-Used stimuli, reliably signaled food was on the way RBTthree branches of behavior analysis behavior analysis: Behaviorism John B Watson- all behavior is learned or conditioned and can be unlearned. It should be more of a science and be based in observable behavior the practice of objective observation of the phenomena of interest Applied Behavior Analysis A systematic approach to gain a thorough understanding of socially important behaviors What are the three levels of scientific understanding Description, prediction, and control A group of responses with the same function other environmental behaviors/factors that happen before the behavior of interest. A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest The duration, rate, frequency, etc. of behavior absent of any restrictions having the child independently label things using visual stimulus and a verbal response positive reinforcement when the child verbally asks for something. revolves around reward. labeling something verbally and having the child repeat it. the ability to hold a conversation
an experience that is only understandable by the person experiencing it when a response stops an introduced stimulus to condition the desired behavior Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. schedule of reinforcement: by number of responses, varies schedule of reinforcement: by number of responses, fixed schedule of reinforcement: by time period, varies schedule of reinforcement: by time period, fixed Formal preference assessments Having a learner select which items they like prior to teaching following a systematic protocol to identify hierarchy of potential preferences Free operant preference assessment Providing free access to a variety of stimuli for the purposes of identifying potential reinforcers Paired stimulus preference assessment Providing a learner with a series of choices between two items in an effort to identify potential reinforcers best Multiple stimulus preference assessment Presenting an array of items and asking the learner select one item and then putting the item back in the array after the selection in an effort to identify potential reinforcers In-the-moment reinforcer analysis. A procedure in which the RBT makes assesses a variety of variables moment to moment to identify what could potentially function as a reinforcer Presenting a previously neutral stimulus with an established reinforcer Watching others access stimuli contingent upon a response When using a progressive approach to conditioning reinforcers, one variable the RBT should evaluate is the learner's non-verbal and verbal behavior. One main difference between bribery and reinforcement is the timing of the item provided. when a learner is engaging in disruptive behaviors and is offered something preferred to stop. When a consequence is provided contingent upon a learner engaging in appropriate behavior and that appropriate behavior is more likely to occur in the future What is one potential problem with bribery? What is one of the 10 commandments of reinforcement within the Autism Partnership Model? Thin the schedule of reinforcement when a learner earns tickets which are eventually exchanged for a toy What is one of the most important components of a token economy? Using effective reinforcers A schedule in which a reinforcer quality or intensity is increased or decreased as a function of responses increasing or decreasing. when the learner is unaware of how many tokens are required prior to exchanging The first rule of punishment is A response followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future probability of similar responses Saying "no" contingent upon a learner's response that results in a decrease in the probability of that response in the future is an example of which of the following? adding a stimulus to decrease behavior removing a stimulus (usually a reward) to decrease behavior Removing a token contingent upon a response that results in a decrease in the probability of that response in the future is an example of which of the following? a stimulus that is
inherently bad (does not require previous conditioning) to decrease behavior a stimulus that is conditioned to decrease behavior Which of the following two variables affect the effectiveness of punishers? A potential negative side effect of punishment is behavioral contrast, throughly dependent on the consistency of punishment The effectiveness of punishment was first evaluated in which type of research? Behavior a client engages in that could cause harm to themselves or others Minshawi and colleagues (2014) reported that up to _____ individuals with ASD display self-injurious behavior One problem associated with stereotypic behavior is it could interfere with learning. Why is an operational definition important? defining a behavior in observable terms results in more accurate scoring of behavior. changes in the environment related to the behavior. Which four functions are commonly included in historical literature on functional analysis? Access to attention, access to tangibles, escape, and automatic According to the Autism Partnership Method/Model what is another potential function of behavior? Indirect measures of aberrant behavior functional behavior assessment To Identify the function of behavior What are the three components of active listening? What we do, what we say, what we observe Was he Screaming, Hitting, or Throwing Objects?" is an indirect method known as which of the following? What is the second step of direct observation? Functional analysis has been described as the most ____ way to determine function. Attention (Functional Analysis) paying attention to the child only when reprimanding them for aberrant behavior Control (Functional Analysis) paying attention to the child throughout the session but ignoring them when aberrant behavior
is present. Tangible (Functional Analysis) A learner receiving a toy contingent upon displaying aberrant behavior Escape (Functional Analysis) using breaks from tasks and work as a reward for good behavior One concern with standard Functional Analyses is that they are not occurring in natural settings In a progressive approach to problem behavior (i.e., the Big 4), which of the following is recommended? To proactively teach the skills required to navigate the four conditions of a standard functional analysis. What is one component of proactive procedures? Making learning fun interspersing tasks What is one component of reactive procedures? Creating behavioral momentum One component of a good behavior plan is Discontinuing the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior primarily results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior When implementing a procedure based upon extinction, one might observe an initial, but temporary increase in the targeted behavior. when a behavior that is no longer reinforced starts to appear again behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules The primary behavioral principle responsible for the effectiveness of time-out is punishment Which type of time out best describes when the learner is completely removed from the environment? What is one challenge associated with the implementation of time out? a procedure that involves a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement for engaging in appropriate behavior and is removed for engaging in inappropriate behavior Which of the following is one advantage of the time-in procedure? Provides a prompt for the teachers/therapists Time-in could be implemented with which of the following? Response cost should always be combined with which of the following? Which of the following is the primary behavioral principle responsible for the effectiveness of a response cost system? blocking an individual from engaging in a behavior positive practice overcorrection an overcorrection procedure in which aberrant behavior sets the occasion for the learner to repeatedly engage in a task restitutional overcorrection an overcorrection procedure in which aberrant behavior sets the occasion for the learner to restores the environment to its previous state Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) Reinforcement contingent upon the learner engaging in a specific behavior instead of the aberrant behavior Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) Reinforcement contingent upon the learner engaging in a behavior that cannot be done at the same time as the targeted aberrant behavior Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) Reinforcement contingent upon the absence of aberrant behavior Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) Reinforcement contingent upon displaying lower rates of behavior Antecedent based procedure Interventions that manipulate the value of consequences Having a student engage in a series of preferred tasks prior to presenting an nonpreferred task An audiotaped, written word, phase, or sentence used to teach conversation and social behavior Having a client watch a video of an individual displaying the desired behavior is known as video Which of the following are three types of video modeling What is one problem with a first-then strategy? One potential problem with social stories is they have not been shown to be as effective as other procedures such as Teaching Interaction Procedure, video modeling, and Cool Versus Not Cool used to decrease aberrant behavior Developing up a hierarchy of frustrating events and teaching a client to engage in relaxing behaviors when exposed to steps within that hierarchy The process of systematically, differentially reinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior Pryor's 10 Laws of shaping small steps Any behavior the interventionist engages in that increases the likelihood that the learner will respond correctly Gestures, positional, and looking at the targeted response Rules of when to prompt and what prompts to provide are commonly referred to as which of the following? Rules of when to prompt and what prompts to provide Specific prompts that are provided Simultaneous prompting system involves providing a prompt with a 0 second delay and never increasing that delay Constant time delay prompting system time based with at least two time levels (e.g., 0 second and 10 second)
Least-to-most prompting system giving the learner the opportunity to respond independently prior to providing a prompt Most-to-least prompting system providing a prompt and then fading prompts until the learner responds independently No-no prompt was originally designed for use in a two choice discriminationq Flexible prompt fading prompting system relies on the use of clinical judgment What is one variable a technician should analyze when implementing flexible prompt fading? Responses on previous trials The three primary components of discrete trial teaching are always which of the following? Instruction, response, and feedback
Counterbalancing position In a conventional approach, arranging the stimulus array in a pre-determined order in which each stimulus is equally distributed among all possible positions In the Autism Partnership Method, stimulus placement is determined by which of the following? A variety of variables on each trial What are the rules of reinforcement?15 Rules of reinforcement Part 1. Reinforcers should be reinforcing: ... . Reinforcement should be contingent: ... . Use a variety of reinforcers: ... . Social reinforcers should be paired with the toy(s)/ activity: ... . Continuously develop and identify new reinforcers. ... . Choose age appropriate reinforcers.. What is reinforcement in autism?Reinforcement is a process in which a consequence, a reinforcer, is given following a desired behavior to increase the likelihood or maintain that the behavior under similar conditions .
What is reinforcement explain rules for application?Reinforcement is one of the most basic concepts in behavior analysis. It is defined by the effect it has on behavior as well as it's temporal relationship with behavior. Reinforcement strengthens the behaviors that immediately precede it and as a result those behaviors are more likely to occur again in the future.
Which of the following is one of the four basic schedules of reinforcement?These four schedules of reinforcement are sometimes referred to as FR, VR, FI, and VI—which stands for fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval.
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10 commandments of reinforcement within the autism partnership model
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