Todd wants to find out whether eating snacks high in sugar before an exam leads to better performance on the exam. Which of the following strategies would answer his question most conclusively?
a. Wait for exam time in a big class, give a random half of the students M&Ms (or other sugary snack) before the exam, and see whether the students who ate M&Ms perform better
b. Wait for exam time in a big class, give all juniors and seniors in the class M&Ms (or other sugary snack) before the exam, and see whether they perform better on the exam than first year and sophomore students.
c. Identify a large number of students who perform exceptionally low and exceptionally high in exams, ask them whether they eat sugary snacks before exams, and see whether high performers eat more sugary snacks before exams than do low performers
d. Wait for exam time in a big class, ask everyone whether they ate sugary snacks before the exam, and see whether those who ate sugary snacks before the exam do better compared to those who didn't
A
Dr. Smith wants to make sure his study of gifted youngsters will get published, but he's worried that his findings could have been caused by something other than the independent variable, which was a new teaching method he introduced. He is concerned with the ________________ of his experiment:
a. internal
validity
b. external validity
c. probability level
d. psychological realism
A
Which of the following is true about social psychological findings?
a. Most people who live in the culture in which the studies were conducted could predict the findings in advance of knowing how the studies turned out.
b. They sometimes seem obvious after we learn about them, because of a hindsight bias
c. Most people could easily predict them in advance of knowing how the studies turned out
d. Wise people such as our grandparents could easily predict them in advance of knowing how the studies turned out
B
Which of the following is true about research papers published in psychological academic journals?
a. They need to be written in MLA style
b. They are required to use college students as study participants
c. They must go through peer-review by other scientists who are experts in the subject area of the paper
d. They can only include one experiment
C
Jessica reads a research study which shows that children who see a lot of violence on television are more likely to be aggressive on the playground. Jessica thinks, "This is obvious; I could have predicted that!" Jessica's reaction to the study is probably an example of:
a. psychological realism
b. external validity
c. internal validity
d. the hindsight bias
D
Becky, a social psychology graduate student, is interested in whether moods vary by the day of the week. She codes the postings on thousands of Facebook pages to see whether people express more positive comments on some days than others. Which research method has she used?
a.
correlational method
b. experimental method
c. survey
d. archival analysis
D
Dr. Walsh and colleagues want to test the hypothesis that drinking wine makes people like jazz more. They randomly assign college students who are 21 or over to one room in which they will drink wine and listen to jazz or to another room in which they will drink water and listen to jazz. It happens that the "wine room" has a big window with nice scenery outside, while the "water room" is windowless, dark, and dingy. The most serious flaw in this experiment is that it:
a. is low in psychological realism
b. is low external validity
c. is low in internal validity
d. did not randomly select the participants from all college students in the country
C
Which of the following is true about the ethical conduct of psychological research?
a. It is good scientific procedure to tell participants about the research hypotheses before they participate
b. it is never permissible to use deception
c. Informed consent form is usually given to participants at the very end of the study
d. if research participants are misled about a study they must be fully debriefed at the end of the study
D
Which of the following is a basic assumption that social psychologists make?
a. many social problems can be studied scientifically
b. many people fail to help others in emergencies because they don't care about other people
c. social problems have complex causes and we will never know why they occur
d. it is hard to study what effect looking at pornography has on people, because everyone is different
A
Dr. J wants to see whether people are more likely to donate money to a charity when they receive a small gift from that charity. Dr. J sends an appeal for money from the charity to 1000 people. For half of the people (randomly chosen) the letter includes free address labels and for half it does not. Dr. J than sees whether those who got the address labels donate more money. Which of the following is true about this study?
a. The study is low in internal validity because the people who got the address labels may differ in other ways from the people who did not
b. It uses the correlational method
c. The independent variable is how much money people donate and the dependent variable is whether they got address labels
d. The independent variable is whether people got address labels and the dependent variable is how much money they donate
D
A senior student conducts a study with participants who are college students for her independent research project. She then repeats the study using the same procedures but with members of the general population (i.e., adults) as participants. The results are similar for both samples. The research has established _______________.
a. face validity
b. external validity
c. internal validity
d. contracts validity
B
Which of the following is true about Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)?
a. The purpose of IRBs is to review research after it is conducted and review any complaints
b. IRBs must be made up entirely of nonscientists
c. Universities can decide whether to have an IRB to approve psychological research
d. IRBs review psychological studies before they are conducted to make sure they meet ethical guidelines
D
Suppose a researcher found a strong positive correlation between the number of tweets people send each day and their reported happiness. Which of the following is the best conclusion he or she can draw from this finding?
a. Sending tweets makes people happy
b. Only happy people use Twitter
c. Feeling happy makes people want to tweet more
d. Happy people are more likely to send a lot of tweets than sad people
D
Which of the following is the best way to increase the external validity of a study?
a. replicate the study with a different population of people in a different setting
b. conduct the study in the laboratory instead of the field
c. make sure it is low in psychological realism
d. make sure you have at least two dependent variables
A
Sanjay is interested in studying healthy food choices and what might effect them. He decides to go to a local grocery store and show half of the shoppers (randomly assigned) a brochure about healthy diet and nutrition. The other half of the shoppers see a brochure about vacation in Mexico. Before the shoppers leave the store, he collects their receipts to see if the food they bought was healthy or not. Which of the following is true about Sanjay's study?
a. There are serious concerns about external validity of his study
b. Sanjay is conducting a field
experiment
c. Sanjay is conducting an observational study
d. Sanjay is using correlational design to answer his research question
B
You are trying to raise money for your favorite charity and you set up a table in the lobby of a residence hall on campus. Which of the following is likely to increase the likelihood that passersby will donate money?
a. spray some citrus-scented cleaning solution on the table
b. give them a brochure about the charity printed in very small font
c. give them a very light clipboard with information about your
charity
d. ask people to hold a cold bottle of water while they listen to what you have to say
A
One of the ways to improve human thinking is to ______________:
a. ask people to affirm their beliefs
b. ask people to only use judgmental
heuristics
c. ask people to consider points of view that are different from their own
d. teach them geometry
C
Joe believes that Eric is an outgoing, gregarious person. "Whom did you hang out with this weekend?" Joe asks Eric. "Tell me about all of the fun things that you have planned for the summer," Joe continues. Although Eric is usually rather quiet and reserved, he responds to Joe in an outgoing, friendly manner. This is an example of __________.
a. the availability heuristic
b. the representativeness heuristic
c. a self-fulfilling prophecy
d. the perseverance effect
C
When Jennifer was chastising herself for losing her favorite necklace and reciting a list of all the things she could have done to prevent the loss, her grandmother said, "Now, Jennifer. Don't cry over spilled milk." In essence, Jennifer's grandmother was advising her to __________.
a. adjust her judgment farther away from the anchor
b. avoid the self-fulfilling prophecy
c. use base rates rather than the representativeness heuristic
d. stop engaging in counterfactual thinking
D
When out shopping you are looking for a new t-shirt. First, you see a t-shirt that costs $1,200. Then, you see a second one that costs $100. You think: "That's pretty cheap!" What social psychological phenomenon is at play here?
a. Representativeness heuristic
b. Availability heuristic
c. Anchoring and adjustment heuristic
d. Self-fulfilling prophecy
C
You have invited a new acquaintance over to your room and want to make a good impression; in other words, you want this person to like you. Which of the following should you do?
a. Make sure that there is a lot of yellow things in the room because it is your favorite color
b. Serve the person a snack on a very heavy plate
c. Serve the person a cold drink and hope that he or she holds it in their hands while you are talking to them
d. Serve the person a warm drink and hope that he or she holds it in their hands while you are talking to them
D
Jess and Luke are walking along the street when they see a man walk out of a convenience store clutching a bag. The owner of the store runs out and shouts for the man to stop and come back. Jess immediately assumes that there has been a robbery, whereas Luke immediately assumes that the man forgot to get his change and that the store owner wants to give it to him. What is the best explanation for why Jess and Luke interpreted this event differently?
a. Jess and Luke were engaged in controlled thinking that resulted in different assumptions about what was going on
b. Jess and Luke fell prey to the self-fulfilling prophecy
c. Jess and Luke have different personalities
d. Different schemas were accessible in Jess and Luke's minds, perhaps because they had different recent experiences that primed different schemas
D
You are driving home from watching a scary movie about a hitchhiker who was a murderer when you see someone talking loudly with a friend. Because you saw the movie, you assume that you are witnessing an argument that will probably end in a fight. This is an example of:
a. belief perseverance
b. priming
c. base rate information
d. controlled thinking
B
Which of the following is NOT a way in which schemas can become accessible in people's minds?
a. the more negative in content a schema is, the more likely it is to be accessible
b. schemas can become temporarily accessible due to priming
c. schemas can be accessible if they are related to our current goals
d. schemas can be accessible due to people's past experience
A
Over the break, your parents ask you if you can think of 12 reasons why your college is better than its rival. You find it hard to come up with so many reasons and so end up thinking, "Hmm, maybe the schools aren't all that different." Which of the following mental strategies did you probably use to reach this conclusion?
a. the anchoring and adjustment heuristic
b. base rate information
c. the representativeness heuristic
d. the availability heuristic
D
Paul is considering buying a new car. He has narrowed his choices down to two models. On a sheet of paper, he begins writing down the positive characteristics of each car and the negative characteristics of each car. He will be using this list to help guide his final decision. In this example, Paul is using __________.
a. fast thinking
b. automatic thinking
c. controlled thinking
d. illogical thinking
C
Which example best describes the representativeness heuristic?
a. "To decide if someone is dishonest, I try to recall instances of that person's dishonest behavior."
b. "To decide if someone is conscientious, I consider how easy it is to imagine them acting in a non-conscientious manner."
c. "To decide if someone is an environmentalist, I consider the proportion of environmentalists in the population."
d. "To decide if someone is a lawyer, I compare that person's characteristics to the characteristics of the typical lawyer."
D
Which of the following is a function of controlled thinking?
a. To make quick decisions in ambiguous situations
b. To provide checks and balances on automatic thinking
c. To be nonconscious, unintentional, and involuntary
d. To enforce schemas in appropriate situations
B
Which of the following is the best example of a self-fulfilling prophecy?
a. Matt thinks that members of the Alpha Beta Psi sorority are unfriendly and snobby. Whenever he meets members of this sorority, they are friendly toward him.
b. A teacher believes that boys are better at math than girls, but boys in his class do worse than girls in math.
c. Megan is worried that her son is not gifted in music, but he does better at his piano lessons than she expected.
d. Mary thinks her daughter is not a very good reader and doesn't spend much time reading to her. As a result her daughter falls behind in reading at school.
D
When asked to guess whether Stuart is from Montana or California, you guess California because more people live in California. You have used __________ in making your decision.
a. base rate information
b. counterfactual thinking
c. the representativeness heuristic
d. the availability heuristic
A
All of the following are examples of an internal attribution except for which one?
a. After winning close to $100 playing poker, Fred explains that he's always been a very skilled gambler.
b. Velma blames her poor grade on her biology exam on the idea that she's never been good at biology.
c. Daphne thinks that the reason her brother is never able to hold a steady job is that he's lazy and quick to get angry with others.
d. Shaggy says that the only reason for his recent van accident is that the road he was traveling on that day was wet from a recent rainfall.
D
Bob arrived late for his job interview, wore too much cologne, and forgot the interviewer's name. Because of the __________, the interviewer formed a __________ impression of Bob:
a. primacy effect; positive
b. belief perseverance;
positive
c. primacy effect; negative
d. display rules; negative
C
Pamela smiles to convey that she is happy. Pamela's smile is a way of __________ the emotion of happiness:
a. verbalizing
b. perceiving
c. encoding
d. decoding
C
Alice, an American college student, asked her best friend Yui, who is an international student from Japan, to take pictures of her. Alice thought that the pictures would be more portrait-like close ups of her, but the pictures Yui took included a lot of background that Alice was posing in. What can help explain this misunderstanding between friends?
a. Differences between analytic and holistic thinking styles
b. Differences in display rules
c. Primacy effect
d. Differences in prevalence of fundamental attribution error in American and Japanese cultures
A
Using __________, individuals can draw meaningful conclusions about another person's personality or skills based on an extremely brief sample of behavior:
a. belief perseverance
b. priming
c. thin-slicing
d. self-serving attributions
C
Who among the following individuals would you predict would be most likely to make an external attribution for any given behavior observed?
a. a high school student from Canada
b. a Hong Kong Chinese college student who had just been shown images related to American culture
c. a U.S.-born American adult
d. a Hong Kong Chinese college student who had just been shown images related to Chinese culture
D
Belief perseverance can help explain which of the following?
a. Why weather forecasters are better at predicting rainfall totals than snowfall totals.
b. Why during jury deliberations it is easier to convince fellow jurors to change their votes from guilty to not guilty than it is to change their minds in the opposite direction.
c. Why people who watch news programs that refer to climate change as a hoax remain convinced of that conclusion even in the face of scientific evidence to the contrary.
d. Why we find many TV hosts to be charming.
C
The belief in a just world is a __________ that helps people __________:
a. defensive attribution; view life as safe, orderly, and predictable
b. fundamental attribution error; protect their self-esteem
c. defensive attribution; explain away their failures
d. biased attribution; excuse their failures
A
Given the research on the bias blind spot, who would Becky think is LEAST susceptible to making self-serving attributions?
a. Her family member
b. The average American
c. Becky herself
d. The average classmate of Becky
C
The "hand purse" gesture means "good" or "slow down" in some cultures. In American culture, it doesn't have a clear meaning; therefore, it is a(n) __________:
a. facial expression
b. verbal
communication
c. emblem
d. display rule
C
Lilly and Alexandra meet on a blind date. They get along well until they get into Lilly's convertible to go to a movie. Alexandra is quiet and reserved for the rest of the evening. It turns out that her brother had recently been in a serious accident in that same type of car and seeing it brought up those unwanted emotions. Lilly assumes that Alexandra has a cold and reserved personality, thereby demonstrating ___________:
a. the fundamental attribution error
b. a belief in a just world
c. insufficient justification
d. perceptual salience
A
Students in the U.S. seldom applaud after a lecture, whereas students in Europe often applaud or tap their knuckles on their desks. This cultural difference reflects the power of __________ to influence nonverbal communication:
a. encoding
b. politeness norms
c. emblems
d. display rules
D
Raj didn't get a good grade on the final presentation in his class. Instead of realizing that he should've practice his presentation a few times instead of just going in without practice, he insists that the classroom was too hot that day which didn't allow him to concentrate and perform to his best abilities. Raj is demonstrating __________:
a. belief perseverance
b. self-serving bias
c. the bias blind spot
d. fundamental attribution error
B
Which of the following is not one of the six major emotional expressions examined by Ekman and his colleagues in their influential cross-cultural research on perception of emotions?
a. disgust
b. anger
c. embarrassment
d. sadness
C
Which of the following psychological phenomena shows the least cultural variation?
a. Preferences regarding eye contact and personal space
b. Self-serving attributions
c. Anger facial expressions
d. Fundamental attribution error
C
Clarissa runs simply because it gives her pleasure to exercise outside and to leave her daily worries behind as she works up a sweat. In this instance, Clarissa is __________ to run:
a. extrinsically motivated
b. overjustified
c. intrinsically motivated
d. justifying her desire
C
When people focus attention on themselves, they ______________:
a. are more likely to engage in binge eating
b. almost always like what they see about themselves
c. evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values
d. are less likely to follow their moral standards
C
Andy is worried that he will do poorly on his psychology test. Which of the following is the best example of behavioral self-handicapping?
a. Right before the test, Ben tells the professor that her class is the best one he's ever taken.
b. Instead of studying the night before, he stays up late watching movies on his computer. Right before the test, he tells his friends that he saw some great movies instead of studying.
c. He spends a couple of extra hours studying, and right before the test, he tells his friends that he studied really hard.
d. He spends a couple of extra hours studying. Then, right before the test, he tells his friends that he isn't feeling very well.
B
When thinking about other people, which of the following will we see as most central to their self-concept?
a. Their vision and hearing
b. Their memories
c. Their physical attributes
d. Their morals
D
Which of the following is not a function of the self?
a. Impression management
b. Self-knowledge
c. Self-control
d. Self-criticism
D
Carly is at a team picnic with her coach and fellow softball players. Which of the following is the best example of ingratiation?
a. Carly tells her coach that he might want to consider taking cooking lessons.
b. Carly tells the 10-year-old brother of one of her teammates that she likes his sneakers, which she thinks look great.
c. Carly tells her coach that the quinoa salad he made was delicious, even though she thinks it tasted like dirt.
d. The coach tells Carly that she is a good player but should keep practicing to improve her skills.
C
Sasha is a sophomore in high school who is trying out for the varsity lacrosse team. She wants to get a boost of confidence before her try outs. Who should she compare herself to?
a. A sophomore who has less experience playing lacrosse than Sasha has.
b. The coach of the team.
c. A senior who was the best player on the team last year.
d. A sophomore who has about the same amount of experience playing lacrosse as Sasha has.
A
Which is the best definition of an independent view of the self?
a. Someone who enjoys activities such as dancing and team sports
b. Someone who enjoys activities such as reading and writing poetry
c. Defining oneself in terms of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions
d. Defining oneself in terms of one's relationships to other people
C
Brittany is very serious about dancing and starts college as a dance major. The more serious she gets about dancing, the more she worries about the pressure to succeed and the rewards associated with succeeding. Brittany finds that dancing feels like a chore and something she has to do rather than wants to do. Her change in her views about dance is due to what social psychologists call __________:
a. insufficient justification
b. cognitive appraisal
c. attribution of arousal
d. overjustification
D
While completing a personality test, Ken comes to an item that asks him if he sees himself as shy and introverted. Ken reflects on some of his recent behavior. He reasons that since he generally does not talk much in class discussions and tends to avoid large parties, he must be shy and introverted. Which of the following strategies for self-knowledge is Ken using?
a. Self-presentation
b. Self-enhancement
c. Self-esteem
d. Self-perception
D
Under which of the following conditions is Alex most likely to feel the romantic attraction toward Taylor?
a. Alex isn't sure whether he wants to go out with Taylor, but he agrees to do so after Taylor's roommate says they will help him with his calculus homework if he does.
b. Alex and Taylor go on a roller-coaster ride together. It is scary but exciting experiences that they both enjoyed. Right after their ride is over, Taylor gives Alex a hug.
c. Alex and Taylor go for a long run together. Taylor waits for a couple of hours, until they are rested, then gives Alex a hug.
d. Alex isn't sure whether he wants to go out with Taylor but decides he does after making a list of pros and cons.
B
Suppose you are a parent and want your children to do well in school. Which of the following is likely to work the best?
a. When they are young, give them money for every book they read
b. Tell them that intelligence is inherited and that there is a lot of it in your family
c. Tell them that they were born with a lot of academic talent
d. Tell them that academic ability is something that they can cultivate and grow if they work hard
D
Which of the following is least likely to pass the "mirror" test suggesting they have at least a rudimentary self-concept?
a. A 3-year-old human child
b. An orangutan
c. A 6-month-old human infant
d. A chimpanzee
C
Bobby needs to do his laundry but has been very busy. Under which of the following conditions is he most likely to do his laundry in the next few days?
a. He vows not to think about video games the next day so that he doesn't spend time doing that instead of doing his laundry.
b. He vows to do it sometime in the next 2 days.
c. He vows to do it at some point the next day.
d. He says to himself, "I'll do my laundry at 7:00 P.M. tomorrow, and if my roommate says we should play video games then, I'll ask him if we can do that later."
D
65% of Americans agree with a statement "I am more intelligent than the average person". This effect is know as _________ in social psychology:
a. self-handicapping
b. fixed mindset
c. better than average
d. overjustification
C
According to the tenets of self-perception theory, which of the following audience members would report that he or she really loved the taping of Jimmy Kimmel Live?
a. John, who sat right in front of the flashing "Applause" sign
b. Mary, who couldn't see Jimmy very well
c. Jessie, whose friends nudged her to get her to applaud
d. Jorge, whose hands stung from clapping so much
D
When Jzayla met Matt, he was drunk and loud. Now, months later, she still doesn't like him very much, even though she recently found out the reason he was so drunk was because his cold medicine interacted with the alcohol. The lingering opinion of Matt is a result of __________:
a. self-fulfilling prophecy
b. display rules
c. belief perseverance
d. anchoring and adjustment heuristic
C
Your best friend has joined a cult called "The Fellowship of Feeling." He had to spend a month in a set of increasingly severe hazing rituals; pay an $8,000 membership fee; and go along to watch older members find homeless people to harass and beat up. Your friend loves this group and keeps urging you to join. What principle of dissonance is likely operating on your friend?
a. the justification of effort
b. hypocrisy induction
c. counterattitudinal advocacy
d. low self-esteem
A
Suppose Taylor is in a long-term, romantic relationship but chooses to flirt with someone else. She experiences dissonance because she sees herself as loving and trustworthy, and her flirtatious behavior is incongruent with that self-perception. According to dissonance theory she could reduce her dissonance by ____________:
a. thinking about how proud she is to be a premed student
b. flirt with 10 more people
c. flirt with the same person more
d. convincing
herself that the flirting was harmless
D
You know you're eating too much junk food and that it's bad for your energy and health. Which of the following will not reduce your dissonance?
a. Deciding that all those health warnings are stupid exaggerations.
b. Cutting out your favorite afternoon sweets.
c. Admitting you are eating too many sweets but claim that they boost your energy for studying.
d. Accepting the fact that your attitudes and behavior simply conflict.
D
According to dissonance theorists, what is the problem with severe punishment to control behaviors?
a. Severe punishment models inappropriate behavior that is then learned.
b. Severe punishment undermines extrinsic motivation.
c. Severe punishment serves as an external justification for behavior change.
d. Severe punishment leads to frustration.
C
Your friend Samira asks you what you think of the shoes she just bought. Privately, you think they are the ugliest shoes you have ever seen, but you tell her you love them. In the past, Samira has always valued your honest opinion and doesn't care that much about the shoes, which were inexpensive. Because the external justification for your fib was __________, you will probably _________________:
a. low, maintain your view that the shoes are ugly
b. high, decide you like the shoes
c. high, maintain your view that the shoes are ugly
d. low, decide you like the shoes
D
Which of the following is NOT a typical way of reducing cognitive dissonance?
a. Changing our behavior to bring it into line with dissonant cognitions
b. Forgetting about our past statements that contradict our behavior
c. Justifying our behavior by changing dissonant cognitions
d. Justifying our behavior by adding new cognitions
B
Attractiveness, religion, family support, and morals are all examples of ___________:
a. basking in reflected glory
b. cognitive dissonance
c. sources of self-esteem
d. dissonance reduction
C
Based on the "Ben Franklin effect," you are most likely to increase your liking for Marko when:
a. you lend Marko $10
b. Marko lends you $10
c. Marko doesn't return the $10 you loaned him
d. Makro finds $10
A
Identify the psychological phenomenon that best explains the following scenario:
When Cardinals win a game, Joe (huge fan of the team) experiences a
self-esteem boost.
a. Counterattitudinal advocacy
b. Self-handicapping
c. Basking in reflected glory
d. Justification of effort
C
After making an important decision, in order to reduce post-decision dissonance we tent to downplay _______ and exaggerate _________:
a. positive aspects of chosen alternative; negative aspects of rejected alternative
b. positive aspects of chosen alternative; positive aspects of rejected alternative
c. negative aspects of chosen alternative; positive aspects of rejected alternative
d. negative aspects of chosen alternative; negative aspects of rejected alternative
D
Hazel was accepted at both University A and University B. She has a hard time making up her mind because she sees pros and cons to attending either university. Which of the following is true, according to dissonance theory?
a. Because the choice is so difficult, she is unlikely to ever fully commit herself to the university she chooses to attend.
b. She will experience the most dissonance right after making up her mind.
c. Whichever university she chooses, she is likely to regret her choice.
d. She will forever regret her decision.
B
Liam has been taking expensive beta-carotene supplements for years because he believes they will reduce his risk of cancer. Liam has just learned that a well-controlled study published in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine showed that beta-carotene supplements do not reduce cancer risk. Liam is probably experiencing __________:
a. cognitive dissonance
b. insufficient punishment
c. the rationalization trap
d. self-affirmation
A
When we are forced to publicly state an opinion that contradicts our private belief or attitude this leads to experience of cognitive dissonance. This phenomenon known as ___________:
a. Insufficient punishment
b. Counterattitudinal advocacy
c. Justification of effort
d. The Ben Franklin effect
B
Celeste's parents tell her that if she texts while driving, they will take away her car for a year. Zoe's parents tell her that if she texts while driving, they will take her car away for one weekend. Both Celeste and Zoe decide not to text while driving. What would dissonance theory predict?
a. After they go to college and are away from their parents, Zoe is more likely to text while driving than Celeste is.
b. After they go to college and are away from their parents, Celeste is more likely to text while driving than Zoe is.
c. Celeste and Zoe will both come to believe that texting while driving is bad.
d. Celeste and Zoe will both think that texting while driving is OK; they avoided it so that they wouldn't be punished.
B
In terms of dissonance theory, what is the primary reason that "we" (our side) often dehumanizes "them," the enemy, seeing them as animals, brutes, or monsters?
a. The enemy is violent and cruel and deserves whatever we do to them.
b. Our side is more moral and humane than their side.
c. Our side has treated the enemy brutally and needs to justify these actions.
C
You decide to go on a trip during break, despite the fact that you really need to save money for a new laptop (your old one is on its last leg). One of your friends, Sami, is a voice of reason and will most likely tell you not to go. Your other friend, Gregory, is all for living the life in the moment and loves traveling. Using __________, you decide to talk to Gregory about your trip in order to avoid attitude change that Sami might have caused:
a. attitude inoculation
b. central route
c. theory of planned behavior
d. confirmation bias
D
Which component of an attitude is most related to the process of examining facts and weighing the objective merits of a target?
a. operant
b. cognitive
c. behavioral
d. affective
B
One way to change someone's attitude is to get that person to give a speech arguing against their actual viewpoint. This strategy can lead to attitude change through cognitive dissonance as long as ___________ is/are present:
a. peripheral cues to persuasion
b. a motivated audience that feels a sense of personal relevance
c. two-sided arguments
d. insufficient external justification for making the speech
D
Constantine, an advertising executive, is trying to figure out the best way to market a product that does not evoke a strong emotional, personal response from people. His most effective strategy would be to adopt a campaign that focuses on ____________:
a. avoiding behavioral references
b. logical, fact-based
arguments
c. subliminal strategies
d. creating an emotional connection
B
Little Lucy throws a tantrum because she didn't get the candy bar. So, her father gets her one. She then stops the tantrum (i.e. something unpleasant is avoided), and her father's behavior of getting candy will increase due to ____________:
a. values
b. self-perception
c. classical conditioning
d. operant conditioning
D
Your best friend Jackie may or may not go to Ashville this weekend. According to the theory of planned behavior, what information would be most useful in helping you predict whether Jackie will actually travel to Ashville?
a. Jackie's attitude about Ashville
b. Jackie's attitude about traveling to Ashville
c. Jackie's attitude about traveling
d. Jackie's attitude about mountains and hiking
B
Suppose you asked a friend how much he likes to exercise. If he replies, "Well, I guess I like it because I always seem to be going for a run or heading over to the gym to work out," we would say he has a __________________:
a. cognitively based attitude
b. affectively based attitude
c. emotionally based attitude
d. behaviorally based attitude
D
Which of the following is the best explanation for why product placement can be effective at changing attitudes?
a. The audience is often unaware that an effort at attitude change is occurring
b. Cognitively based efforts at persuasion tend to have longer-lasting effects
c. It usually leads to a reactance response
d. It tends to operate via the central route to persuasion
A
When is attitude accessibility a particularly good predictor of behavior?
a. When the behavior in question is deliberative
b. When the attitude in question is an unpopular one
c. When the behavior in question is spontaneous
d. When the attitude in question is general
C
Taylor and Alex want to convince their daughter to stop leaving her toys scattered all around the floor, so they leave her a sign by her toy box. According to reactance theory, which of the following signs would be most effective?
a. "Your job is to clean up after yourself"
b. "Please try to remember to clean up your toys when you are done with them"
c. "Do not leave toys lying around!"
d. "All toys MUST be put away after they are used"
B
Which of the following best illustrates an implicit attitude?
a. When Jamal checks off his opinion on a survey questionnaire
b. When Lexa, who is White, marries John, who is Native American
c. When Lace experiences a flash of discomfort around elderly people
d. When Penelope buys pizza because she loved it so much
C
Which of the following is true regarding cross-cultural comparisons of advertising?
a. Korean ads are more likely than American ads to portray women and men in a state of complete or partial undress.
b. Korean ads are more likely than American ads to focus on family and concern for others.
c. Korean ads are more likely than American ads to focus on utilitarian products like shoes.
d. Korean magazines have fewer ads than American magazines.
B
Rebecca wants to adopt a puppy. Despite learning that Pomeranians bark a lot, have too much energy, and terrible with children, she decides to adopt a Pomeranian because they are just so cute. Which type of attitude influenced her decision?
a. affectively based attitude
b. cognitively based attitude
c. behaviorally based attitude
d. operant condition based attitude
A
A debate breaks out at the town hall meeting over whether local real estate taxes should be raised in order to pay for a new public school building. Which of the following individuals is most likely to process the persuasive information raised during this debate through the peripheral route?
a. Michael, a local teacher, who is working in a temporary classroom because the current school building is too small for the number of students enrolled
b. Nicole, whose daughter still has 3 years left of public school
c. Bennie, who is a real estate executive whose business is affected by local tax rates
d. Gabe, who has no school-aged children of his own and owns no real estate
D
Informational social influence is most likely to occur when _____________:
a. a situation is unambiguous and not a crisis.
b. a situation is a crisis but also unambiguous.
c. the other people around are experts and the situation is ambiguous.
d. the other people around are not experts and the situation is not a crisis
C
Stanley Milgram's studies demonstrate ______________:
a. that a substantial amount of people tend to obey authority even if that requires hurting innocent people
b. that people are not likely to obey authority figures in any situation
c. that people went all the way to 450 volt shock only 1% of the time
d. that people were willing to hurt others only when the authority figure who gave orders wore a police or military uniform
A
The key to minority influence is ___________:
a. creativity
b. immediacy
c. consistency
d. normative social pressure
C
Timothy is a student at Elon. He knows that society considers underage drinking to be wrong; he also knows, however, that on a Saturday night at Elon, many of his friends will engage in this behavior. His belief that most of the public would disapprove of underage drinking is _________, while his perception that many teenagers drink under certain circumstances is ___________:
a. an injunctive norm; a subjective norm
b. an injunctive norm; a descriptive norm
c. a descriptive norm; an injunctive norm
d. a descriptive norm; a subjective norm
B
Marina is leaving town next weekend and hopes that her friend will look after her dog. She decides to use ___________ to increase her chances. First, she asked her friend to look after her house (check mail, etc.). After her friend agreed to this request, Marina asked them if they can look after her dog as well:
a. foot-in-the-door technique
b. door-in-the-face technique
c. reciprocity norm
d. injunctive norm
A
Lisa reads an environmental ad in the student newspaper that states, "Students at this school, on average, recycle 50% of the recyclable waste that they have." She typically recycles close to 95% of the recyclable materials that she has, but after seeing the ad she starts recycling less because she is "above average." Lisa is exhibiting the __________:
a. reciprocity norm
b. injunctive norm
c. reactance principle
d. boomerang effect
D
Yumi and her friends went to a restaurant and she ordered oysters which she haven't tried before. Yumi wasn't a fan and thought they tasted weird. However, all her friends kept saying how much they enjoy oysters and how delicious they were. When they asked Yumi if she enjoyed the meal, she said that she did because she didn't want her friends to think she is a weirdo. This is an example of __________:
a. public
compliance
b. private acceptance
c. informational social influence
d. minority influence
A
In a variation of the original study by Stanley Milgram, other participants (who were actually confederates) rebelled against the order given by the experimenter. That decreased the amount of people who went all the way with the shock to 10%. This demonstrates the power of __________ in resisting normative social influence:
a. having an ally
b. private acceptance
c. reciprocity norm
d. positive mood
A
All of the following are examples of informational social influence except ____________:
a. you've just started work at a new job, and a fire alarm goes off; you watch your coworkers to see what to do
b. when you get to college, you change the way you dress so that you "fit in" better—that is, so that people will like you more
c. you are running a race, but because you are unsure of the route, you wait to check which of two roads the other runners follow
d. you ask your adviser which classes you should take next semester
B
You really want to take a semester off to travel around Europe, but you are worried your parents might not be on board with this. You decide to use __________ to help you convince them. First, you tell your parents that you consider postponing your degree indefinitely and signing up to teach English to people in Bulgaria. Your parents freak out and provide millions of reasons for why you shouldn't do that. You eventually agree with their reasoning (little do they know you never wanted to move to Bulgaria for a few years anyway), and tell them that maybe you will take a semester off instead to explore Europe (including visiting Bulgaria). They feel relieved and agree with your decision:
a. reciprocity norm
b. propaganda
c. foot-in-the-door technique
d. door-in-the-face technique
D
Which of the following best describes an example of normative social influence?
a. Maggie is studying with a group of friends. When comparing answers on the practice test, she discovers that they all answered the question differently than she had. She figured that she might have been wrong about her answer, so she agrees with their answer.
b. Jack is supposed to bring a bottle of wine to a dinner party he is attending. He doesn't drink wine but decides to get the same kind as someone else in the store just bought.
c. Reese is flying on an airplane for the first time. She is worried when she hears the engine make a strange noise but feels better after she looks at the flight attendants and sees that they are not alarmed.
d. Sabrina is out to lunch with her boss and coworkers. Her boss tells a joke that makes fun of a certain ethnic group, and everyone else laughs. Sabrina doesn't think the joke is funny but laughs anyway.
D
You are in line at a coffee shop. A person comes in and asks if they can go before you to place their order because otherwise they will be late to class. You are likely to agree to let that person cut the line because ______________:
a. because they used door-in-the-face technique
b. because they gave a reason for their request
c. of the reciprocity norm
d. because of descriptive norms
B
Katie is really afraid to go to the dentist and hopes that her friend Courtney will come with her to her next appointment. Before Katie asks Courtney to go with her, she buys her vanilla latte from her favorite coffee shop. Katie is using _________ to increase the chances of Courtney's compliance with her request:
a. foot-in-the-door technique
b. giving reasons technique
c. door-in-the-face technique
d. reciprocity norm
D
Sandy met Nancy in their chemistry class, and they decided to study together for an upcoming exam. Sandy invited Nancy to her apartment to study there. When Sandy came back from leaving for a few minutes to take her dog out for a potty break, she found Nancy snacking on her dinner leftovers that were left in the fridge. Sandy was shocked. Why?
a. Because Nancy was being obedient to an authority figure
b. Because Nancy engaged in informational social influence
c. Because Nancy relied on reciprocity norm
d. Because Nancy broke a social norm
D
You and your friends came across a huge rock on a hiking trip and now wondering how much it weighs. You figured that using ______ would be a good idea to get an estimate. You asked each person to independently estimate the weight of the rock and then averaged all guesses:
a. social loafing
b. groupthink
c. the wisdom of crowds
d. social facilitation
C
Nelson Mandela, former president of South Africa, inspired people to purse social change in his country and beyond. Impact of his leadership will last for countless decades. Nelson Mandela is an example of _________:
a. a transactive leader
b. a transformational leader
c. a bureaucratic leader
d. a group polarizer
B
In 2012, Yahoo lost significant market share to Google, and was in crisis. The company appointed a new female CEO - Marrisa Mayer. This example highlights ________, where women are often put in the position of leadership in the situations of crisis:
a. a glass ceiling phenomenon
b. a social dilemma
c. a glass cliff phenomenon
d. a gender paradox
C
Your social psychology professor calls you up to the front of the classroom and asks you to answer a series of course-related questions out loud. You feel the eyes of your classmates on you, and you find the questions to be quite difficult. According to the model of _____________, you should perform _____________ on these questions than you would have if you had been asked them in private, without an audience:
a. social facilitation; worse
b. social loafing; worse
c. social facilitation; better
d. social loafing; better
A
Why are groups often homogeneous (meaning that they are comprised of members who are similar in number of characteristics)?
a. People who are already similar to each tend to be drawn to joining the same groups
b. Social loafing prevents us from seeking out new people and experiences
c. Groups are more productive when they are homogeneous
d. Evolutionary pressures caused people with similar genes to join groups and people with dissimilar genes to avoid each other
A
People often say that Hillary Clinton broke the _________ because she was the first female presidential candidate in the United States:
a. glass ceiling
b. glass chair
c. glass door
d. glass cliff
A
One step that can be taken to reduce the likelihood of groupthink is _________:
a. emphasizing the importance of being unanimous
b. taking group votes aloud rather than relying on secret ballot or other anonymous methods
c. putting in place a strong, directive group leader
d. creating subgroups that meet on their own first before reconvening and sharing the content of their discussions with the group at large
D
Company A and Company B are competitors in the same area of the market. They have an implicit agreement to not changing their advertising budgets this year. If they stick to this agreement their net income will stay at relatively high levels. However, if one defects and raises its advertising budget, it may earn greater profits at the expense of the other company, as higher sales offset the increased advertising expenses. Moreover, if both companies boost their advertising budgets, the increased advertising efforts may offset each other and prove ineffective, resulting in lower profits—due to the higher advertising expenses—than would have been the case if the ad budgets were left unchanged. This situation present a _____________:
a. social facilitation situation
b. social loafing situation
c. prisoner's dilemma
d. free rider
C
Annie was invited to Martina's baby shower. Knowing that guests will bring gifts to the event, Martina spend a lot of money and effort to make sure that the party had plenty of food and drinks for everyone to enjoy. Also, she prepared a small gift bag for every guest to take home from the event. Annie didn't bring a gift to the party and have no intention of sending one to Martina later. However, she took the gift bag prepared by Martina and ate a lot at the party. What can we conclude about Annie in this situation?
a. Annie experienced a situation referred to as a glass cliff
b. Annie is engaging in social facilitation
c. Annie is a great friend
d. Annie is a free rider
D
Sandy, a student at Elon, thinks that college students should not drink alcohol because it is bad for their health and can lead to dangerous situations (such as dirking and driving). She thinks that Elon should prohibit presence of any alcohol on its campus during weekdays. She decided to join a group of like minded people who also think students should not drink. After a few meeting with this new group, she slightly changed her position regarding what Elon should do. Now, she thinks that Elon should become a completely dry campus and prohibit alcohol on campus 24/7. What social psychological process can explain the switch in Sandy's position?
a. groupthink
b. group polarization
c. social loafing
d. social facilitation
B
Which of the following is true about social dilemmas?
a. an individual who adopts a cooperative strategy will always be more profitable than one who is selfish.
b. laboratory studies cannot be useful in understanding the escalation and persistence of group conflicts.
c. one side always has to win, and one side always has to lose.
d. the most beneficial course of action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, be harmful to all in the long run
D
You and your roommate are planning to room with different people next year. However, you bought some stuff together for your room which you need to divide between the two of you before you both go your separate ways. You really love the lava lamp that you guys bought, but not very attached to the rest of the stuff. Your roommate absolutely loves the tapestry that you bought together at a yard sale, but doesn't care for the lava lamp. It appears, that ____________ can be reached in the negotiation over who gets what things:
a. transformational
leadership
b. social dilemma
c. an integrative solution
d. tit-for-tat strategy
C
Dr. Smith decided to assign a group project to students in their class. In order to avoid __________, they ask students in each group to evaluate individual contributions of each group member:
a. trolling
b. social facilitation
c. wisdom of crowds
d. social loafing
D
Samira is in charge of an important project in the student leaders organization that she is a part of. She wants to do some brainstorming about the project with other students. Which of the following strategies is most likely to yield the best results for her project?
a. make sure that students invited to the brainstorming session represent diversity of backgrounds, interests, and opinions
b. make sure that students invited to the brainstorming session will preserve group cohesion during the session
c. make sure that students invited to the brainstorming session are her closest friends
d. make sure that students invited to the brainstorming session are all first year students from the same dorm
A
Individuals experiencing deindividuation:
a. are unlikely to experience this feeling online, as deindividuation is much less common in virtual environments.
b. feel increasingly accountable for their actions.
c. are less likely to engage in destructive or immoral behavior.
d. exhibit greater conformity to specific group norms.
D
Which of the following statements about attraction and relationships is FALSE?
a. People in communal relationships tend to keep track of who is contributing what to the relationship.
b. The more we see and interact with people, the more we will like them.
c. People like others who like them.
d. People find "average" faces to be more attractive than unusual faces.
A
Which of the following is NOT one of the signs that a person might be lying on their dating profile?
a. their bio does not include the words I and me
b. they describe their hobbies and what they do for living
c.
their bio is very short
d. they describe themselves as "not judgmental" and "not against new experiences"
B
When Nia met Jon for the first time she didn't think much of him. They ended up taking the same class together and working on a group project. Now, Nia thinks that Jon is very cute. What might explain this change in Nia's perception of Jon?
a. halo effect
b. the matching hypothesis
c.
playing hard to get
d. mere exposure effect
D
"Playing hard to get" might not be a good strategy to get someone to like you because _______:
a. halo effect might interfere
b. of the mere exposure effect
c. we tend to like people who like us
d. of different attachment styles that can be involved
C
Which of the following is true regarding research on social interactions and phone use?
a. contrary to what some critics believe, the availability of mobile phones and smartphones has no negative effect on social engagement.
b. while laptops and tablets can be distracting during face-to-face interaction, phones are not.
c. even if a phone isn't being used during a conversation, it can still pose a distraction that comes at the expense of social engagement.
d. men are more easily distracted by the presence of a phone during a conversation than are women.
C
Dev is uncomfortable being close to others and finds it difficult to trust people completely. Her partners often want her to be more intimate than she feels comfortable with, and she is nervous when anyone gets close. What attachment style does Dev have?
a. anxious
b. secure
c. avoidant
d. ambivalent
C
According to the matching hypothesis, which of the following are we LEAST likely to see?
a. Casandra, beauty pageant winner, is dating an attractive Hollywood actress.
b. Becca, who is a doctoral candidate in physics, dating Dan, who didn't graduate high school.
c. Anna, who was a successful contestant on Jeopardy, started dating a person who was another contestant on the show.
d. Ricky, a good looking model, recently married a fellow model - Alex.
B
Alexa was going steady with her current boyfriend for two years when they were in high school. They both started college this year, and she realized that many other guys are interested in her. Applying _________, she decided that her alternatives are far too bright to continue her current relationship:
a. attachment theory
b. social exchange theory
c.
fatal attraction theory
d. proximity effect
B
Kim likes Nancy and hopes that she will like her too. According to what you learned about research on attraction and relationships in psychology, which of the following is LEAST likely to work?
a. arranging to work with her on a class project so that they can spend time together
b. emphasizing that they have complementary personalities and that opposites attract
c. making herself look as physically attractive as she can
d. emphasizing how similar their attitudes are
B
According to _______ perspective men place more emphasis on physical attraction and youth when looking for potential partners, while women value signs of being a good provider:
a. social exchange
b. evolutionary
c. neurochemistry
d. attachment
B
Which of the statements below is true?
a. People with small eyes and big noses are typically seen as the most attractive.
b. The more someone looks like us, the less attractive we typically find them to be.
c. Perceivers tend to believe that someone who is attractive also possesses a range of other (unrelated) positive characteristics.
d. Asymmetrical faces are typically viewed as more attractive because they are so distinctive.
C
Dori and Stephen have a strong commitment to staying married because they have two children together. However, they never have sex anymore and don't particularly enjoy each other's company. According to Sternberg's theory of love, what kind of love does Dori and Stephen have?
a. companionate love
b. consummate love
c. fatuous love
d. empty love
D
Below are number of statements about online dating, which of them is true about benefits of such dating?
a. mathematical formulas that are highly effective at creating compatibility matches - more so than meeting people the "old-fashioned" way
b. people tend to be more honest about themselves online
c. with online dating, there's no such thing as potential mates feeling "out of your league"
d. the ability to achieve proximity with a wider range of people
D
Which of the examples below best demonstrates how distance plays a role in the proximity effect?
a. Laura made more friends in her junior-year dorm than in her sophomore-year dorm.
b. Jessie prefers to take the stairs rather than the elevator because it decreases her likelihood of running into people she finds annoying.
c. Jason, whose cubicle is right next to both the kitchen and the elevator, is one of the most popular people in the entire office.
d. Marge does not like her next-door neighbor because of his habit of playing loud music that makes it difficult to get to sleep at night.
C
Which of the following is NOT one of characteristics that makes divorce less likely to happen?
a. a couple got married after the age of 20
b. both people
in a couple share similar education levels
c. a couple cohabitated before they got married
d. both people in a couple are religiously committed
C
Two kids, Logan and Richie, have been dreaming about getting a new Lego set from the local store for months. Both of them have been promised that their parents will by them the Legos as soon as the school year ends. On the last day of school Logan's parents bought him the Legos he wanted which turned out to be the last one like that at the store. When Richie found out about this, he got really angry and punched Logan in the stomach. What can explain Richie's behavior?
a. social exchange theory
b. frustration-aggression theory
c. the emotional consistency effect
d. social-cognitive learning theory
B
Oliver found the lecture in his philosophy class very confusing. However, when the professor asked if there were any questions at the end of the class, Oliver didn't raise his hand. He thought that because no other students in the class asked questions, everyone else understood the material and maybe he just didn't pay enough attention during the lecture. Actually, many students also found the lecture confusing and were in the same situation as Oliver. This is an example of:
a. bystander effect
b. pluralistic ignorance
c. reciprocity
norm
d. empathy-altruism hypothesis
B
Which of the following scenarios will lend support to social-cognitive learning theory?
a. Andrew yelled at a person who cut in line in front of him when it was just about to be his turn.
b. Mike got scolded by his boss at work. Later he went to a restaurant and yelled at the waitress for not brining his food fast enough.
c. Whitney spread a rumor that a girl in her sorority was a hoarder
d. Hudson's older brother won a fist fight and was admired by his classmates and friends for it. Hudson saw this and then hit his classmate in the face.
D
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Because violence is so rare in women, female suicide bombers are much crazier than males who carry out these attacks.
b. Gender differences in physical aggression increase when men and women are insulted.
c. In families, almost all acts of physical aggression are committed by men.
d. Girls are more likely than boys to express aggressive feelings indirectly, as by shunning or slandering a target.
D
Paul is mad at his friend Ricky for making a mean comment about his new haircut. To defuse his anger, what should Paul do?
a. punch Ricky in the
face
b. make a TikTok video mocking Ricky
c. get back at Ricky by complaining about his to all of their mutual friends
d. write about his feelings privately for 20 minutes a day for a few days to get some perspective.
D
In which of the following scenarios is Brian most likely to help?
a. When Brian passed a car crash on a busy highway
b. When a person collapses in front of Brian in the middle of a conversation with him
c. When Brian saw a potentially unconscious person when visiting downtown Chicago
d. When Brian heard someone scream down a hallway on a busy college campus
B
Which of the following people is LEAST likely to help a student to carry multiple boxes to their dorm?
a. Liam, who just played the videogame Lemmings which is prosocial
b. Chantel, who just listened
to the Beatles song, Help
c. Matt, who just played the videogame Grand Theft Auto
d. Erica, who just listened to Michael Jackson's song, Heal the World
C
Ashley's workplace is considering a new program which will offer the employees opportunities to engage in community service. Remembering what she learned in her social psychology class in college, Ashley gives the following recommendation to the organizers of the program:
a. Offer incentives for doing the community service such as extra vacation days
b. Assign people to different community agencies
c. Make the community service mandatory
d. Make sure that people feel that doing the community service is voluntary
D
Which of the following is an example of displacement?
a. Andrew yelled at a person who cut in line in front of him when it was just about to be his turn.
b. Whitney spread a rumor that a girl in her sorority was a hoarder
c. Hudson's older brother won a fist fight and was admired by his classmates and friends for it. Hudson saw this and then hit his classmate in the face.
d. Mike got scolded by his boss at work. Later he went to a restaurant and yelled at the waitress for not brining his food fast enough.
D
Trish is walking to class when she sees a woman looking for a wedding ring that slipped and fell. Under which of the following conditions is Trish LEAST likely to help the woman look for her ring, according to the empathy-altruism hypothesis?
a. Trish doesn't feel empathy toward the woman but recognizes her as a TA in her English class. Trish really wants to get a good grade in that class.
b. Trish feels empathy toward the woman, and thinks she will be admired by passersby if she stops to help.
c. Trish feels empathy toward the woman, but she doesn't think she has much to gain by helping.
d. Trish doesn't feel empathy toward the woman and doesn't think she has much to gain by helping.
D
Which of the following supports evolutionary perspective on why people help?
a. Penelope, a registered nurse, helped a person who had a seizure in a park.
b. Lisa felt a great deal of empathy for a homeless mother and her baby, so she offered them to stay are her guest house.
c. During a fire at a hotel, Mary immediately tried to get her children out of the building, and only after they were safe she searched for her friends.
d. Joe anonymously donated money to a charity that fights malaria in Africa.
C
In imperial Russia if someone hurt a man's honor and he didn't challenge their life, he was no longer welcome in noble society. This is an example of:
a. relational aggression
b. culture of honor
c. social exchange theory
d. social-cognitive learning theory
B
Which of the following is true?
a. People are always grateful for offers to help them
b. Hearing a lecture about prosocial behavior and bystander intervention isn't likely to change how people behave in a real emergency
c. As a result of learning about the social psychology of prosocial behavior, you may be more likely to help someone in need in the future
d. If someone doesn't want to help others there isn't much we can do to change that
C
Your roommate has been really stressed out about their finals. You forgot to take the trash out the day before as you promised to do, and they yelled at you for that. Naturally, that made you angry. You know that you should've taken the trash out, but it does not seem to be warranting all the yelling. What would be the LEAST effective way to deal with your anger?
a. go to the gym and spend some time punching a punching bag
b. without being hostile or demeaning, explain to your roommate that their yelling made you upset
c. using empathy to understand where your roommate is coming from - they are really stressed out which probably is the main reason for them overreacting.
d. count to 10, take some deep breaths, and take out the trash
A
Which of the following examples illustrates hostile aggression?
a. Angela threatened a passerby with a knife in order to get their wallet
b. Christine got mad at her boyfriend and kicked him really hard in the shin because she wanted to hurt him
c. Eliza spread a rumor that a girl at her school was sexually promiscuous when in fact that girl is a virgin
d. Sam hit another student at his high school to maintain his dominance and power
B
Which of the following is true about positive stereotypes?
a. Positive stereotypes don't exist. All stereotypes are negative.
b. Positive and negative stereotypes cancel each other out.
c. They can lead to higher expectations.
d. Positive
stereotypes are often liked by the people who they are applied to
C
Most research on psychology of happiness concentrates on _____________:
a. intentional activity that people do because this is the component that could be easily changed
b. genetics because genetics explain most of people's happiness
c. people political beliefs because it is a hot topic
d. outside circumstances and environment because this is often something that people can't control
A
Mitigating comparisons such as "Poor, but happy; rich, but miserable" _____________:
a. go against system justification theory.
b. help people realize that system needs to be changed.
c. make people see the current system as more fair.
d. are not reflected in our culture
C
Felicia is one of the journalists at her school's news website. Her current assignment is to cover her college's lacrosse game against its long time rival. She interviewed five students from her own school and only one student supporting the other team. What is Felicia demonstrating?
a. in-group bias
b. out-group homogeneity
c. blaming the victim
d. entitlement
B
Which of the following is true about microaggressions?
a. Only women experience microaggressions.
b. Microaggressions are always well intended.
c. Microaggressions are innocent acts and the person who experiences them should let go of the incident.
d. Because they occur often, their effect can accumulate and have a profound effect on the victim.
D
Which of the following phenomena that we already discussed earlier in this course was NOT relevant to understanding prejudice and discrimination?
a. self-fulfilling prophecy
b. blaming the victim
c. basking in reflected glory
d. fundamental attribution error
C
What is one way to reduce prejudice that was discussed by the guest speaker?
a. counterstereotypic narratives
b. system justification
c. contact hypothesis
d. jigsaw
classroom
C
Samantha felt like she needs to break up with her girlfriend Lori for a while, but was dreading that the breakup would take a huge emotional toll on her. After some deliberation, Samantha went ahead with the break up. She was surprised to find out that although it was an unpleasant experience overall, she didn't feel nearly as bad as she expected. What can explain Samantha's feelings?
a. People tend to be not very good at affective forecasting.
b. Samantha's life satisfaction didn't change, while her affective balance did.
c. Samantha was not doing enough introspection.
d. Because the break up was an intentional activity, it is not so bad.
A
Which of the following is true about minimal groups?
a. Research shows that only when groups are based on meaningful criteria (i.e. based on social identities, school affiliations, etc.) in-group bias occurs.
b. When minimal groups are created in research, it is always based on how many dots one sees on the screen.
c. Minimal groups are used to reduce prejudice.
d. Research demonstrates that even if people are divided in groups based on the most trivial criteria (i.e. people who wear shoes with laces vs. people who wear shows with no laces), they still demonstrate in-group bias
D
Sami is an Asian American college student. When taking a math test, which of the following conditions would be the best for her performance?
a. Since Sami is very good at math, none of these conditions will affect her performance.
b. When she's made aware that women don't do as well as men at math
c. When she's made aware that she is not at a top-notch university
d. When she's made aware of her Asian identity
D
The difference in attitude towards same-sex marriage in the past 15 years or so demonstrated _____________:
a. the power of counterstereotypic narratives
b. that changing laws can decrease prejudice in a top down way
c. the importance of superordinate goals
d. out-group homogeneity in action
B
In order to get a more comprehensive understanding of one's happiness, one approach that researches take is to measure _____________:
a. affective and cognitive life evaluations
b. answers to a question "How are you today?"
c. overall evaluation of one's life
d. positive emotions
A
What is one of the main criticisms of Implicit Association Test (IAT)?
a. It may reflect cultural norms more than individual prejudices.
b. It is a
better test of explicit prejudice than implicit prejudice.
c. People can't respond to the pairs of associations rapidly enough.
d. It is pretty good at identifying racism but not other kinds of prejudice
A
Delanie's grandma gave her a substantial amount of money as a graduation gift. Knowing about relationship between money and happiness, what recommendation would you give to Delanie regarding the best way to spend the money?
a. buy a pair of earrings that Delanie wanted for a long time
b. buy bitcoin
c. go on a trip to East Asia
d. use the money to upgrade Delanie's phone and laptop to the latest models
C
Richard thinks that women are superior to men in nurturance and kindness, which is a form of benevolent sexism. What is one of the consequences of this belief according to research?
a. Men envy women for having more positive traits than they have.
b. It can legitimize discrimination against women and justify relegating them to traditional roles.
c. Women have higher self-esteem than men.
d. It can cause people to overlook anti-male sexism.
B